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When the Ottomans commenced their modernizing reforms in the 1830s, they still ruled over a vast empire. In addition to today's Turkey, including Anatolia and T

This book uncovers Young Turk political and social ideas at the end of the nineteenth century, during the intellectual phase of the movement. Analysing the life

The eighteenth century brought a period of tumultuous change to the Ottoman Empire. While the Empire sought modernization through military and administrative re

"This book uncovers the political and social ideas of the Young Turks at the end of the nineteenth century, during the intellectual phase of the movement. Analy

This book investigates the intellectual currents among Ottoman and North African scholars of the early modern period.